Beyond Animals

Recent improvements in the texture and flavour of plant-based meat analogs have meat-lovers as well as vegetarians flocking to buy them. While it’s normal to think the quest for mouth-watering faux meat is a recent trend, it dates back almost a thousand years. According to first handwritten accounts, European religious and political leaders in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance period spent decades searching for meat substitutes.

But Europe’s elite weren’t after mere Tofurkey or Boca Burgers. Their sights were set far beyond Beyond Meat in a hunt for living, breathing, meatless animals. In a strange twist, modern science has confirmed the existence of at least two such veggie-critters.

By and large, the sole nutritional concern during most of the Middle Ages was how to keep from starving to death. But some of the more privileged had other dietary issues on their minds. One question was whether a sheep that grew on a vine was a vegetable or an animal. Inquiring minds also wanted to know if birds, which develop inside pods that grew on trees, were meatless.

A succession of learned men actually debated such questions, rather than more appropriate ones, like “Are we just silly, or completely off the rails?” The idea that one could plant a garden of tree-pod birds and vine-lambs, maybe even a cabbage-patch kid, seemed rational to men who fancied themselves the smartest people in the world.

The origins of the vegetable-lamb tale are a bit woolly, perhaps dating back 2,500 years. The widely traveled Greek historian Herodotus supposedly mentioned it in 442 BCE. But he was seventeen at the time, so who knows which exotic plants he observed, and which he smoked. Evidently, a Jewish fable ca. 500 CE also makes reference to a livestock-on-a-stick “vegtimal.”

From the fourteenth century through the late 1700s, Europeans made costly expeditions into poorly mapped regions of central and northern Asia to locate this vegetable sheep. Upon return, scholars invariably gushed about the veggie-lamb they had almost, but not quite, found.

In the 1357 memoir The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Mandeville (a pseudonym) is said to have regaled England’s King Edward III with a description of a gourd-like fruit that one sliced open to reveal a flesh-and-blood lamb which could be eaten as any normal lamb. I wonder if gourd-lambs were seedless or if they were more like watermelons, where you had to spit out sheep-seeds with each bite.

Later explorers described a lamb growing on a vine, which connected to its navel like an umbilicus. The critter could graze as far as the umbilicus-tether would allow, but if it broke, the lamb would die. I assume these guys also documented some brainless carnivores in that district, because predators that failed to locate and eat every last vine-bound lamb in their region would have to be pretty inept. Just saying.

“Vegetable lambs” do exist. Native to the Malay Peninsula, Cibotium barometz, the golden woolly fern, has a stout and exceedingly fuzzy surface rhizome which can be roasted, and its starchy insides then eaten. There are no bones or seeds.

Church leaders, bright enough to know fish weren’t plants, nonetheless decided fish were not animals, either. These were the same guys who invented Limbo, the non-Heaven, non-Hell afterlife, so it makes sense in a perverse way that they decreed fish belonged to a special in-between category. Being entirely devoid of muscle tissue, fish were OK to eat on Holy Days and during Lent, the 40-day period before Easter.

But for the Christians of Europe, eels were an exalted type of marine non-animal – eels were beyond fish, you might say. That’s because experts had determined eels lacked those worrisome gonads which tainted all other species with the sin of sex. According to Thomas Aquinas, eating flesh that resulted from sex of any kind might produce “an incentive to lust.” Because eels did not reproduce in a carnal sense, medieval churchgoers looked upon them as chaste; the perfect asexual, non-meat food for holy days.

In reality, eels become sexually mature around 15-25 years old, whereupon they skedaddle for the sea. In other words, they’re either immature, or hightailing it to the ocean, which is why eel genitals remained elusive for so long. Shortly after the Protestant Reformation, the “virgin eel” fad began to lose steam. Then in the 1890s, someone managed to find eels with proper genitals, bursting that bubble forever. But eating “non-animal” fish on fasting days of some Christian denominations continues to this day.

Tree-pod geese were discovered in the eleventh century by monastic monks living on remote, barren islands in the northern British Isles. Perhaps they were so malnourished that they hallucinated because monks would never lie to the Pope. Right? Apparently, this group of monks swore they saw trees with pods that fell into the ocean and became “Bernacae” (barnacle) geese.

They (the monks, not the geese) sent a letter to Pope Urban II, who agreed with the logic that plant-based geese were just dandy to eat on mandatory fast-days when real animals, whose parents engaged in lewd acts, could not be touched. This went on for well over a hundred years until Pope Innocent III ruled that even though some geese grew on trees, they were off-limits on fasting days. It seems the Pope did not verify that monks on various rocky clifftop monasteries were copied on his memo, as “meatless” goose dinners reportedly continued in some areas into the twentieth century.

The real-life barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis, breeds in the Scottish Hebrides, as well as on Ireland’s northwest coast, in Greenland, and some other North Atlantic locations. They’re quite secretive, often nesting in high cliffs. As a result, fledged juveniles “come out of nowhere” when they first tumble into the water.
Given the pace of research into meat substitutes, we may well have a vegetable lamb or goose one day. I imagine it could raise questions among vegans, not to mention groups like PETA.

By Paul Hetzler

Paul Hetzler is a former Cornell Extension educator, and he also writes books! His most recent, and one you must have for your island library -Head of the Class: Smart as Slime Mold: Nature's Funny Bone Revealed is available on Amazon.com and Amazon.ca.

Marie-Anne Erki

Marie-Anne Erki is TI Life's  illustrator and accomplished artist. She is also Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Canada's Royal Military College where she taught for twenty years. She has already produced individual illustrations for Patrick Metcalf's The Witch of Wellesley Island (see STORIES+) and illustrated many of Paul Hetlzer's past articles.

Editor's Note:  OK. Paul, I was worried that the winter season may find you off galivanting and not writing, but here you are with a November submission that makes me smile all the way to the nearest A&W looking for the "Beyond Animal" selections. Yes, who says learning is not fun?

And as the gift giving season is just around the corner, be sure to check out Paul's books - they will make any old curmudgeon smile from ear to ear. Hetzler Paul - AbeBooks

Posted in: Volume 17, Issue 11, November 2022, Nature